PSG has now claimed the season-opening trophy on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in Kuwait and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a comfortable win in the match between the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after the French winger found the net in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille fired two times in the closing moments to seize a shock lead. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving crucial attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 penalty win.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 years.